• Instrument Reliability
  • Test Retest
  • Equivalent (Alternate or Parallel) Form
  • Scoring Agreement
    • Interrater
    • Percentage of Agreement
  • Internal Consistency
    • Split-Half
    • Kuder-Richardson 20
    • Kuder-Richardson 21 (questions are of equal difficulty)
    • Cronbach's Alpha

• Instrument Validity
  • Content (Face)
  • Criterion Related
    • Predictive
    • Concurrent
  • Construct
    • Factor Analysis
    • Convergent/Divergent

• Obtained Score = True Score + Error (test taker, test, testing condition, scoring)
• Excel Reliability Calculator
• Relationship between instrument reliability and validity

Action Research

• Rationale
• Calhoun's Five Step Model
• Stringer's Interacting Spiral

• Lickert Scales

• Instrument Design
• Measurement Scales